Enhancing teachers’ multilingual language awareness through a course on language learning strategies and multilingual education

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21283/2376905X.1.11.2.2977

Keywords:

MULTILINGUAL LANGUAGE AWARENESS, PRE- AND IN-SERVICE TEACHERS, LANGUAGE LEARNING STRATEGIES, PLURILINGUAL EDUCATION, IMPACT EVALUATION

Abstract

Several investigations have explored the effects, on teacher cognition, of language teacher education regarding multilingual approaches. However, the impact of teacher training in using plurilingual education to develop language learning strategies in and across two or more third languages while promoting teachers’ collaboration is scarcely researched. This article explores the changes in a group of pre- and in-service teachers’ beliefs and teaching practices during a university course regarding language learning strategies in both Italian and Spanish as third languages and multilingual approaches. The study aims at understanding teachers’ perceived impact of course participation on the development of their multilingual language awareness. Data were collected through teachers’ diaries and the teaching materials they produced. Results confirm the efficacy of teacher training in language learning strategies and plurilingual education by stimulating teachers’ reflections, making them carry out operative tasks, and promoting their collaboration.

Author Biography

Camilla Spaliviero, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice

Camilla Spaliviero is a post-doctoral research fellow in educational linguistics at Ca' Foscari University of Venice and an adjunct professor in teaching Italian L2 at the Universities of Bologna and Ferrara. Her research interests include second and foreign language acquisition related to multilingual education, intercultural education, and the use of literary texts and digital resources in the language classroom, with a focus on language learning strategies and language teacher education.

References

Aalto, Eija, & Tarnanen, Mirja (2017). Negotiating Language Across Disciplines in Pre-Service Teacher Collaboration. European Journal of Applied Linguistics, 5(2), 245–271. https://doi.org/10.1515/eujal-2017-0011

Alisaari, Jenni, Heikkola, Leena Maria, Commins, Nancy, & Acquah, Emmanuel O. (2019). Monolingual Ideologies Confronting Multilingual Realities. Finnish Teachers’ Beliefs About Linguistic Diversity. Teaching and Teacher Education, 80, 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2019.01.003

Andrews, Stephen J. (2007). Teacher Language Awareness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Andrews, Stephen J., & Lin, Angel M. Y. (2018). Language Awareness and Teacher Development. In Peter Garrett & Joseph M. Cots (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Language Awareness (pp. 57–74). New York: Taylor & Francis.

Arocena, Elizabet, Cenoz, Jasone, & Gorter, Durk (2015). Teachers’ Beliefs in Multilingual Education in the Basque Country and in Friesland. Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education, 3(2), 169–193. https://doi.org/10.1075/jicb.3.2.01aro

Barcelos, Ana Maria Ferreira, & Kalaja, Paula (2013). Beliefs in Second Language Acquisition: Teacher. In Carol A. Chapelle (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics (pp. 1–6). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Barnard, Roger, & Burns, Anne (2012). Introduction. In Roger Barnard & Anne Burns (Eds.), Researching Language Teacher Cognition and Practice: International Case Studies (pp. 1–10). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

Barros, Sandro, Domke, Lisa M., Symons, Carrie, & Ponzio, Christina (2021). Challenging Monolingual Ways of Looking at Multilingualism: Insights for Curriculum Development in Teacher Preparation. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 20(4), 239–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2020.1753196

Bolger, Niall, Davis, Angelina, & Rafaeli, Eshkol (2003). Diary Methods: Capturing Life as it is Lived. Annual Review of Psychology, 54(1), 579–616. 10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145030

Borg, Simon (2003). Teacher Cognition in Language Teaching: A Review of Research on What Language Teachers Think, Know, Believe, and Do. Language Teaching, 36(2), 81–109. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444803001903

Borg, Simon (2006). Teacher Cognition and Language Education: Research and Practice. London: Continuum.

Borg, Simon (2012). Current Approaches to Language Teacher Cognition Research: A Methodological Analysis. In Roger Barnard & Anne Burns (Eds.), Researching Language Teacher Cognition and Practice: International Case Studies (pp. 11–29). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

Borg, Simon (2015). Researching Language Teacher Education. In Brian Paltridge & Aek Phakiti (Eds.), Research Methods in Applied Linguistics. A Practical Resource (pp. 541–560). London: Bloomsbury.

Borg, Simon (2018a). Teachers’ Beliefs and Classroom Practices. In Peter Garrett & Josep M. Cots (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Language Awareness (pp. 75–91). New York: Routledge.

Borg, Simon (2018b). Evaluating the Impact of Professional Development. RELC Journal, 49(2), 195–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882187843

Borg, Simon (2019). Language Teacher Cognition: Perspectives and Debates. In Xuesong Gao (Ed.), Second Handbook of English Language Teaching (pp. 1149–1170). Edinburgh: Springer.

Buehl, Michelle M., & Beck, Jori S. (2014). The Relationship between Teachers’ Beliefs and Teachers’ Practices. In Helenrose Fives & Michele Gregoire Gill (Eds.), International Handbook of Research on Teachers’ Beliefs (pp. 66–84). London: Routledge.

Burner, Tony, & Carlsen, Christian (2022). Teachers’ Qualifications, Perceptions and Practices Concerning Multilingualism at a School for Newly Arrived Students in Norway. International Journal of Multilingualism, 19(1), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2019.1631317

Burner, Tony, & Carlsen, Christian (2023). Teachers’ Multilingual Beliefs and Practices in English Classrooms: A Scoping Review. Review of Education, 11, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.3407

Byram, Michael, Fleming, Mike, & Sheils, Joseph (Eds.) (2023). Quality and Equity in Education. A Practical Guide to the Council of Europe Vision of Education for Plurilingual, Intercultural and Democratic Citizenship. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

Candelier, Michel, & Manno, Giuseppe (dir.) (2023). La didactique intégrée des langues – Apprendre une language avec d’autres langues? Association ADEB. http://www.adeb-asso.org/portfolio_category/livres/

Calafato, Raees (2020). Language Teacher Multilingualism in Norway and Russia: Identity and Beliefs. European Journal of Education, 55, 602–617. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12418

Cenoz, Jasone, & Gorter, Durk (2021). Pedagogical translanguaging. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cenoz, Jasone, Gorter, Durk, & May, Stephen (Eds.) (2017). Language Awareness and Multilingualism. New York: Springer.

Cohen, Louis, Manion, Lawrence, & Morrison, Keith (2017). Research Methods in Education. New York: Routledge.

Conteh, Jean, & Meier, Gabriela (Eds.) (2014). The Multilingual Turn in Languages Education. Opportunities and Challenges. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

Council of Europe. (2008a). Language Education Policy Profile: Austria. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing. https://rm.coe.int/language-education-policy-profile-austria/16807b3b9d

Council of Europe. (2008b). Language and Language Education Policies in Austria. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing. https://rm.coe.int/language-education-policy-profile-austria-country-report/16807b3b47

Creese, Angela (2005). Teacher Collaboration and Talk in Multilingual Classrooms. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

Creswell, John W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Darling-Hammond, Linda, Hyler, Maria E., & Gardner, Madelyn (2017). Effective Teacher Professional Development. Palo Alto: Learning Policy Institute.

Davies, Rick, & Dart, Jess (2005). The ‘Most Significant Change’ (MSC) Technique: A Guide to its Use. Melbourne: Mande.

Davison, Chris (2006). Collaboration between ESL and Content Teachers: How Do We Know When We Are Doing It Right? International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 9(4), 454–475. https://doi.org/10.2167/beb339.0

De Angelis, Gessica (2011). Teachers’ Beliefs about the Role of Prior Language Knowledge in Learning and How These Influence Teaching Practices. International Journal of Multilingualism, 8(3), 216–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2011.560669

Denzin, Norman K., & Lincoln, Yvonna S. (2005). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Dooly, Melinda, & Moore, Emilee (2017). Introduction: Qualitative Approaches to Research on Plurilingual Education. In Emilee Moore & Melinda Dooly (Eds.), Qualitative Approaches to Research on Plurilingual Education (pp. 1–10). https://doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2017.emmd2016.618

Dörnyei, Zoltán (2007). Research Methods in Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Duarte, Joana, & Günther–van der Meij, Mirjam (2018). A Holistic Model for Multilingualism in Education. E-JournALL – EuroAmerican Journal of Applied Linguistics and Languages, 5(2), 24–43. https://doi.org/10.21283/2376905X.9.153

Duarte, Joana, & Günther-van der Meij, Mirjam (2022). ‘Just Accept Each Other, while the Rest of the World Doesn’t’ – Teachers’ Reflections on Multilingual Education. Language and Education, 36(5), 451–466. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2022.2098678

Ellis, Elizabeth (2016). The Plurilingual TESOL Teacher: The Hidden Languaged Lives of TESOL Teachers and Why They Matter. Boston: Mouton de Gruyter.

European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice (2023). Key Data on Teaching Languages at School in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://eurydice.ba/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Key-data-on-teaching-languages-at-school-in-Europe.pdf

Farrell, Thomas S. C. (2007). Reflective Language Teaching: From Research to Practice. London: Continuum.

García, Ofelia (2008). Multilingual Language Awareness and Teacher Education. In Jasone Cenoz & Nancy H. Hornberger (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Language and Education (pp. 385–400). New York: Springer.

García, Ofelia, & Kleyn, Tatyana (2013). Teacher Education for Multilingual Education. In Carol A. Chapelle (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics (pp. 5543–5548). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Giles, Amanda (2022). Leadership Roles at Different Points: Collaborating to Plan for and Teach ESL Students in a Secondary Social Studies Classroom. In Bogum Yoon (Ed.), Effective Teacher Collaboration for English Language Learners (pp. 85–102). London: Routledge.

Goltsev, Evghenia, Olfert, Helena, & Putjata, Galina (2022). Finding Spaces for All Languages. Teacher Educators’ Perspectives on Multilingualism. Language and Education, 36(5), 437–450. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2022.2085047

Gorter, Durk, & Arocena, Elizabet (2020). Teachers’ Beliefs about Multilingualism in a Course on Translanguaging. System, 92, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102272

Guarda, Marta, & Hofer, Silvia (2021). COMPASS: A framework for Theory and Research on Plurilingual Didactic Competences. Bozen: Eurac Research.

Guskey, Thomas R. (2002a). Professional Development and Teacher Change. Teachers and Teaching, 8(3), 381–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/135406002100000512

Guskey, Thomas R. (2002b). Does It Make a Difference? Evaluating Professional Development. Educational Leadership, 59(6), 45–51.

Hatch, Amos J. (2002). Doing Qualitative Research in Education Settings. New York: State University of New York Press.

Haukås, Åsta (2016). Teachers’ Beliefs about Multilingualism and a Multilingual Pedagogical Approach. International Journal of Multilingualism, 13(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2015.1041960

Haukås, Åsta (2018). Metacognition in Language Learning and Teaching: An Overview. In Åsta Haukås, Camilla Bjørke & Magne Dypedahl (Eds.), Metacognition in Language Learning (pp. 11–30). London: Routledge.

Hélot, Christine, Frijns, Carolien, van Gorp, Koen, & Sierens, Sven (2018). Language Awareness in Multilingual Classrooms in Europe: From Theory to Practice. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.

Hinger, Barbara, Hirzinger-Unterrainer, Eva M., & Schmiderer, Katrin (2020). A Cross-Linguistic and Multilingual Pre-Service Teacher Education Program. Insights From the Innsbruck Model of Foreign Language Teacher Education. In Peter Mickan & Ilona Wallace (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Language Education Curriculum Design (pp. 274–288). New York: Routledge.

Hiver, Phil, & Whitehead, George E. K. (2018). Teaching Metacognitively: Adaptive Inside-Out Thinking in the Language Classroom. In Åsta Haukås, Camilla Bjørke & Magne Dypedahl (Eds.), Metacognition in Language Learning (pp. 243–261). London: Routledge.

Hufeisen, Britta, & Neuner, Gerhard (Eds.) (2004). The Plurilingualism Project: Tertiary Language Learning – German after English. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.

Jessner, Ulrike (2006). Linguistic Awareness in Multilinguals: English as a Third Language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Jessner, Ulrike (2018). Language Awareness in Multilingual Learning and Teaching. In Peter Garrett & Joseph M. Cots (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Language Awareness (pp. 257–274). New York: Taylor & Francis.

Johnson, Karen E. (2018). Studying Language Teacher Cognition: Understanding and Enacting Theoretically Consistent Instructional Practices. Language Teaching Research, 22(3), 259–263. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168818772197

Kubanyiova, Magdalena (2012). Teacher Development in Action: Understanding Language Teachers’ Conceptual Change. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Kubanyiova, Magdalena, & Feryok, Anne (2015). Language Teacher Cognition in Applied Linguistics Research: Revisiting the Territory, Redrawing the Boundaries, Reclaiming the Relevance. The Modern Language Journal, 99(3), 435–449. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12239

Le Pichon-Vorstman, Emmanuelle, Siarova, Hanna, & Szőnyi, Eszter (2020). The Future of Language Education in Europe: Case Studies of Innovative Practices, NESET Report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.

Li, Li (2020). Language Teacher Cognition. A Sociocultural Perspective. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Little, David (2019). The Council of Europe and language Education–Seventy Years. Three Defining Principles and Nine Milestones. In Marisa Cavalli, Frank Heyworth & David Newby (Eds.), Changing Contexts, Evolving Competences: 25 Years of Inspiring Innovation in Language Education (pp. 19–26). Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.

Lorenz, Eliane, Krulatz, Anna, & Torgersen, Eivind Nessa (2021). Embracing Linguistic and Cultural Diversity in Multilingual EAL Classrooms: The Impact of Professional Development on Teacher Beliefs and Practice. Teaching and Teacher Education, 105, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103428

Lundberg, Adrian (2019). Teachers’ Beliefs about Multilingualism: Findings from Q Method Research. Current Issues in Language Planning, 20(3), 266–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2018.1495373

May, Stephen (Ed.) (2014). The Multilingual Turn. Implications for SLA, TESOL and Bilingual Education. New York: Routledge.

Michala, Myrto, Manoli, Peggy, Lavidas, Konstantinos, & Koustourakis, Gerasimos (2024). What if there is Linguistic and Cultural Diversity in Contemporary Classrooms? Secondary School Teachers’ Attitudes, Practices, and Challenges towards Student Multilingualism. International Journal of Multilingualism, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2024.2354702

Moon, Jennifer A. (2006). Learning Journals. A Handbook for Reflective Practice and Professional Development. New York: Routledge.

Otwinowska, Agnieszka (2014). Does Multilingualism Influence Plurilingual Awareness of Polish Teachers of English? International Journal of Multilingualism, 11(1), 97–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2013.820730

Otwinowska, Agnieszka (2017). English Teachers’ Language Awareness: Away with the Monolingual Bias? Language Awareness, 26(4), 304–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2017.1409752

Oxford, Rebecca L. (1990). Language Learning Strategies. What Every Teacher should know. Boston: Heinle.

Pohlmann-Rother, Sanna, Lange, Sarah Désirée, Zapfe, Laura, & Then, Daniel (2023). Supportive Primary Teacher Beliefs Towards Multilingualism Through Teacher Training and Professional Practice. Language and Education, 37(2), 212–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2021.2001494

Portolés, Laura, & Martí, Otilia (2020). Teachers’ Beliefs about Multilingual Pedagogies and the Role of Initial Training. International Journal of Multilingualism, 17(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2018.1515206

Putjata, Galina, Brizić, Katharina, Goltsev, Evghenia, & Olfert, Helena (2022). Introduction: Towards a Multilingual Turn in Teacher Professionalization. Language and Education, 36(5), 399–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2022.2114804

Schroedler, Tobias, & Fisher, Nele (2020). The Role of Beliefs in Teacher Professionalisation for Multilingual Classroom Settings. European Journal of Applied Linguistics, 8(1), 49–72. https://doi.org/10.1515/eujal-2019-0040

Sercu, Lies, & St. John, Oliver (2007). Teacher Beliefs and Their Impact on Teaching Practice: A Literature Review. In Manuel Jimenez Raya & Lies Sercu (Eds.), Challenges in Teacher Development: Learner Autonomy and Intercultural Competence (pp. 41–64). Frankfurt: Peter Lang.

Sundqvist, Pia, Gyllstad, Henrik, Källkvist, Marie, & Sandlund, Erica (2021). Mapping Teacher Beliefs and Practices About Multilingualism: The Development of the MultiBAP Questionnaire. In Päivi Juvonen & Marie Källkvist (Eds.), Pedagogical Translanguaging. Theoretical, Methodological and Empirical Perspectives (pp. 56–75). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

Svalberg, Agneta M.–L. (2016). Language Awareness Research: Where We Are Now. Language Awareness, 25(1–2), 1–4.

Tamimy, Mohammad (2015). Consistencies and Inconsistencies between Teachers’ Beliefs and Practices. Qualitative Report, 20(8), 1234–1259. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2015.2249

United Nations (2015). 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals. https://sdgs.un.org/goals

Vetter, Eva, & Jessner, Ulrike (2019). Introduction: Advances in the Study of Third Language Acquisition and Multilingualism. In Eva Vetter & Ulrike Jessner (Eds.), International Research on Multilingualism: Breaking with the Monolingual Perspective (pp. 1–9). New York: Springer.

Vetter, Eva, & Slavkov, Nikolay (2022). Introduction. Multilingual Education or How to Learn to Teach Multilingual Learning. AILA Review, 35(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1075/aila.35.1

Wright, Tony (2002). Doing Language Awareness: Issues for Language Study in Language Teacher Education. In Hugh Trappes-Lomax & Gibson Ferguson (Eds.), Language in Language Teacher Education (pp. 113–130). London: John Benjamin.

Yin, Robert K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Designs and Methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Yoon, Bogum (2023). Classroom Study of Teacher Collaboration for Multilingual Learners: Implications for Teacher Education Programs. Action in Teacher Education, 45(2), 124–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/01626620.2023.2175739

Published

2024-12-31

How to Cite

Spaliviero, C. (2024). Enhancing teachers’ multilingual language awareness through a course on language learning strategies and multilingual education. EuroAmerican Journal of Applied Linguistics and Languages, 11(2), 27–52. https://doi.org/10.21283/2376905X.1.11.2.2977

Issue

Section

Research Articles - Regular Issue

Categories